Unit 21
Leaning Aim A
Film editing
Shots:
Shot is a moment that the camera starts rolling until the moment it stops. In film editing, a shot is the continuous footage or sequence between two edits or cuts.
Shot (filmmaking) - Wikipedia
Sequence:
Sequence is a method used to capture a scene from various distances. Sequence shots ensure that the editor ends up with plenty of shot sizes to tell the story and keep the audience's attention. At a minimum, you should get a wide, medium, and close view of the scene.
Sequence shots in film and how to use them - Adobe
Editing:
Editing is to be used only when the formula: Shot < Scene < Sequence = Editing. A shot is defined as a short, continuous single run of the film. A scene is composed of numerous shots cut, and they are joined together.
7. What Is Editing? – Exploring Movie Construction and ...
https://milnepublishing.geneseo.edu › chapter › 7-what-is-...
Role of an editor:
A Film Editor, or Video Editor, is responsible for turning uncut footage from a film shoot into a finished, cohesive final project. Their duties include studying film scripts and using them to guide scene development, determining which camera angles to use and coordinating sound and visual effects in post-production.
Film Editor Job Description [Updated for 2022] - Indeed
Continuity Editing:
Continuity editing is the process, in film and video creation, of combining more-or-less related shots, or different components cut from a single shot, into a sequence to direct the viewer's attention to a pre-existing consistency of story across both time and physical location.
Non-Continuity Editing:
Non-continuity editing is when shots are mismatched to disrupt the impression of time and space. This draws the audiences' attention to the process of cutting and disturbs the illusion of 'reality'. An example is the use of flash backs.
What is the difference between 'Continuity' and 'Non ... - MyTutor
Montage Editing:
Montage editing is a technique of assembling separate pieces of thematically related film and putting them together into a sequence.
montage, in motion pictures, the editing technique of assembling separate pieces of thematically related film and putting them together into a sequence.
montage | motion pictures - Britannica
Louie Le Prince
Louis Aimé Augustin Le Prince was a French artist and the inventor of an early motion-picture camera, possibly the first person to shoot a moving picture sequence using a single lens camera and a strip of film.
Born: 28 August 1841 in city of Metz, France and Died 1890
Lumiere Brothers
Thomas Edison
Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures.
Born: 11 February 1847 in the city of Milan, Ohio, United States and Died 18 October 1931,n the city West Orange, New Jersey, United States
The Lumière brothers, Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas Lumière and Louis Jean Lumière, were French manufacturers of photography equipment, best known for their Cinématographe motion picture system and the short films they produced between 1895 and 1905, which places them among the earliest filmmakers.
Died: Auguste; 10 April 1954 (aged 91 in the city Lyon, France; Louis; 6 June 1948 (aged 83); Bandol, France and its Resting place: New Guillotière Cemetery (location A6)
Edwin s. poter
Edwin Stanton Porter was an American film pioneer, most famous as a producer, director, studio manager and cinematographer with the Edison Manufacturing Company and the Famous Players Film Company.
Born: 21 April 1870 in the city Connellsville, Pennsylvania, United States and Died 30 April 1941in New York, New York, United States
D.W Griffith
David Wark Griffith was an American film director. Considered one of the most influential figures in the history of the motion picture, he pioneered many aspects of film editing and expanded the art of the narrative film. Griffith is known to modern audiences primarily for directing the film The Birth of a Nation.
Born: 22 January 1875 in the city Crestwood, Kentucky, United States and Died: 23 July 1948, Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, United States
Lev Kuleshov
Lev Vladimirovich Kuleshov was a Russian and Soviet filmmaker and film theorist, one of the founders of the world's first film school, the Moscow Film School. He was given the title People's Artist of the RSFSR in 1969.
Born: 13 January 1899 in the city Tambov, Russia and Died: 29 March 1970, Moscow, Russia
Rouben Mamoulian
Rouben Zachary Mamoulian was an American film and theatre director. that has been in many famous movies like Jeyll and hyde and more
Born: 8 October 1897 in the city Tbilisi, Georgia and Died: 4 December 1987, Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California, United States
George Melies
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Alfred Hitchcock
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Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock KBE was an English filmmaker widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history of cinema. In a career spanning six decades, he directed over 50 feature films, many of which are still widely watched and studied today.
Born: 13 August 1899in the city Leytonstone, London and Died: 29 April 1980, Bel Air, Los Angeles, California, United States
Marie-Georges-Jean Méliès was a French illusionist, actor, and film director. He led many technical and narrative developments in the earliest days of cinema.
Born: 8 December 1861in the city of Paris, France and Died: 21 January 1938, Paris, France
Steven spielberg
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Steven Allan Spielberg KBE is an American film director, producer, and screenwriter. A major figure of the New Hollywood era and pioneer of the modern blockbuster, he is the most commercially successful director of all time.
Born: 18 December 1946 (age 75 years), Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
Straight cut:
The straight cut — also known as the hard cut, standard cut, or A to B cut — is one of the most basic transitions to get to the next shot in the same scene. It's simply a transition from one shot to another, with no effects
Transitions:
Fade: A fade in is an opening shot or transition technique film editors use to ease viewers into new imagery, rather than using a sudden cut from scene to scene. its when the scene gradually turns to a single color usually black or white or when a scene gradually appears on screen. Fade-ins occur at the beginning of a film or scene, while fade-outs are at the end.
Dissolving:A dissolve is a classic editing technique used to transition between shots, typically shots that bridge two scenes together. As opposed to a straight cut from one shot to another, a dissolve involves the gradual transition from the first image to the next
Washes:when the screen fades to white to create dramatic effect
Wipe:A wipe transition is a transition technique used in post-production editing in which one shot replaces another by moving or “wiping” from one side of the frame to another. The wipe transition can be done from any direction and in various shapes
Cross cutting/parallel editing
In film editing, crosscutting describes the video editing technique of switching back and forth between scenes, often giving the impression that the action occurring in different locations is unfolding at the same moment. Also known as parallel editing, this technique dates back to director Edwin S.
Quick cuts
Fast cutting is a film editing technique which refers to several consecutive shots of a brief duration (e.g. 3 seconds or less). It can be used to quickly convey much information, or to imply either energy or chaos.
Long takes
A long take is a shot with a duration much longer than the conventional editing pace either of the film itself or of films in general. Significant camera movement and elaborate blocking are often elements in long takes, but not necessarily so.
elliptical editing
Elliptical editing makes it that an event's duration on-screen is shorter than its duration in the story and in character development. Many directors utilize elliptical editing simply to compress the length of a film, and to develop the story in as little time as possible.
Cutaway
a cutaway is the interruption of a continuously filmed action by inserting a view of something else. It is usually followed by a cut back to the first shot
Cut-ins
cut-ins are when we cut from a shot into a closer element of that same shot. For example: say we have a wide shot of a character holding a book. If we want to emphasize what the character is reading, we may cut-in to a shot of the book's cover
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L-cut
An L-cut is when the audio from the preceding scene continues to play over the footage from the following scene. A J-cut is just the reverse of an L-cut. The audio from the following scene plays over video from the preceding footage.
J-CUT
A J-cut is a variant of a split edit film editing technique in which the audio from a following scene overlaps the picture from the preceding scene, so that the audio portion of the later scene starts playing before its picture as a lead-in to the visual cut. Also called an audio lead or audio advance.
Eyeline match
An eyeline match is a film editing technique associated with the continuity editing system. It is based on the premise that an audience will want to see what the character on-screen is seeing.
Match on action
matching on action refers to film editing and video editing techniques where the editor cuts from one shot to another view that matches the first shot's action. A common example is a man walking up to a door and reaching for the knob.
Shot/Reverse shot
A shot-reverse shot starts with a shot of a character, and then cuts to a shot of what or who that character is looking at (the reverse of the angle from the first shot), and finally cuts back to the initial shot to show the character's reaction.
Reaction shot
Reaction Shots show a character's reaction to someone or something that occurred in a previous shot. Typically, a character is reacting to a line of dialogue, a physical action that another character made, or to an obstacle in the scene that they have encountered.
Establishing shot
An establishing shot introduces new scenes and tells the viewer where and when the action is happening. Establishing shots can also set up a point of view or help develop a character.
30 degree rule
The 30-DEGREE RULE states that if an editor cuts to the same character or object in another shot, the second shot must be positioned at least 30 degrees away from the first camera setup. If the camera moves less than 30 degrees, the cut between shots can look confusing
180 degree rule
The 180-degree rule is a basic guideline regarding the on-screen spatial relationship between a character and another character or object within a scene.
Jump Cut
A jump cut is a cut in film editing in which a single continuous sequential shot of a subject is broken into two parts, with a piece of footage being removed in order to render the effect of jumping forward in time
Graphic match
Graphic match cuts Also called a visual match cut. A graphic match cut links two different scenes together through the use of aesthetically similar elements like shapes, colors, or patterns.
Freeze frame
A freeze frame is when a single frame of content shows repeatedly on the screen "freezing" the action. This can be done in the content itself, by printing (on film) or recording (on video) multiple copies of the same source frame. This produces a static shot that resembles a still photograph.
Slow motion
Slow motion is an effect in film-making whereby time appears to be slowed down. It
Split screen
In film and video production, split screen is the visible division of the screen, traditionally in half, but also in several simultaneous images, rupturing the illusion that the screen's frame is a seamless view of reality, similar to that of the human eye
Flash back/Flash forward
Flashbacks are often used to recount events that happened before the story's primary sequence of events to fill in crucial backstory. In the opposite direction, a flashforward (or prolepsis) reveals events that will occur in the future.
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Enigma codes :Unknown elements that need solving (Barthes)
Linear: chronological order
of events (Todorov)
Non-Linear: Order of events jump around in terms of flashbacks
Multi-strand Narrative: contains different arcs
serial narrative: A story arc that runs across all episodes
Flexi-Narrative: Mixture of series and serial, closure of one story arc within an episode [series] but with other, ongoing story arcs (serial)
Episodic Drama: involves different characters and locations, covers a lengthy period of time and include sub plots in addition to main story
Unrestricted Narrative: The viewer is privy to certain knowledge or info that is denied to characters within the text (Narrative Voyurism)
Restricted Narrative: The amount of info the audience are given is limited as the viewers only to know as much as the characters (diegetic)
Manipulating the sense of time: This is done to feel like time is being changed or manipulated for the people. people will often use freeze frames and elliptical editing, by using a freeze frame they are somewhat stopping time or just making it really slow so that the action freezes and has more of an impact to the scene. Another type of editing could be used is Elliptical editing can be used as well for example if someone in the scene is running through a portal and then just ends up in another area.
controlling the perception of space to create a logical and believable space between characters/objects not sharing the same shot/angle: This is used to create the illusion that you are controlling the perception of space you can use things like freeze frame that quiet literally freeze/slow down drastically the frame that its there for an extended period of time (longer then usual)
Controlling the rhythm and pace of to control the flow of the production: This is done to control the rhythm and the pace of the production you could also use quick cut and long takes. With the use of quick cuts its quick succession of simultaneous cuts that just keep going and going creating the situation to be passed and intense to take long takes that have no cuts. what so ever its one long shot of a scene or which gives the audience a bit of rest from the quick cuts and editing.
Creating a narrative through motivation (motivated editing): This is usually done to show the reason behind a characters behaviour and action in a particular given scene. With the use of motivation it reflects on something unique about each character allows the audience to gain valued outcomes like improved performance, enhanced wellbeing, personal growth, or a sense of purpose. A character's motivation helps readers or audience have a better understand what they're seeing in the performance because of the close relationship between character and plot.
Creating a sense of drama through the withholding of information: This is an enigma code that leaves the audience with a sense of mystery as only some of the narrative is revealed.
Engaging the viewer through suspense and causing an audience reaction: This could be done by parallel editing, long takes and slow motion. parallel editing is there so the audience can see someone with a weapon on one side of the hall, with someone walking towards them. Long takes can create a more realistic feeling and keeps viewers engaged.Slow motion could be used when a character is running away, then suddenly stop to see something in front of them, then the scene cuts.
Engaging continuity between different shots/angles: There only two that are used the 180 degree rule and 30 degree rule- the purpose of both of these rules are to ensure continuity and prevents audience disorientation.
Match on action - used for continuation of an action.
Shot/reverse shot helps create the impression of an unbroken conversation and allows the film to tell a consistent story.
Cross cutting show two actions happening in the same time at different locations.
Form meaning by juxtaposing elements within editing and creating a sense of personal connection and empathy with a character:
Graphic match/match cuts - connects two different scenes
Montage - this is a technique which utilises juxtaposing different shots to allow more information to be communicated to the viewers
Split screen - shows two different perspectives and juxtaposes separate actions in the same frame
Core Assement
Film tailer:
Morbius
Tv show promo:
Titans season 4
Music video:
World cup
Continuity Experiment
For my continuity sequence I was told to pick out of 4 scenarios so I can film and edit a continuity sequence. The one that I choice to pick from the scenario was number four, which was a "A person gets ready and leaves their house". The reason I picked this one this is because I thought it seemed to be the most easiest to work with which it was. This also allows me to use various shots , so i don't break the continuity sequence. My aim was not to break the continuity sequence throughout the whole video because it had to be a continuity sequence the appropriate technique, I was told to use for example match on action, eyeline match and shot/reverse shot. My aim was to make my audience understand the storyline that I have chosen. The whole point of continuity sequence that my video flowed smoothly and had to jump ins. My aim was to achieve a smooth 30 seconds video of someone getting ready and leaves their house. However, I made a mistake of it being to long and the scene when she wears her backpack had to be cut out. So when she picks up her backpack it skips to the next scene of her wearing her shoes that also was a bit to long. Next time If I shot this again I will make sure to make it 30 seconds and also make sure each clip is 5 seconds not too long that I managed to fail and some clips had to be deleted because they were making it to long and some clips where un-changeable. The aim for next time is to record each clip for 5 seconds not to long and also to make sure that each clip is smooth that I managed to do but some of the the scene are a bit ruth.
Non-Continuity Experiment
For my Non- Continuity sequence I was told to pick out of 4 scenarios and film and edit a Non- Continuity sequence . The one that I picked was scenario number 1, which was " A promotional advert for a product" that I made for a Ps5 dual sense controller. The reason I picked this one was because I thought it would be the easiest to work with which happily it was. This also enabled me to use various outside footage that wasn't allowed to be used for the continuity sequence which brought the non- continuity more alive such as background music or sound effects of an object that wasn't doable for the continuity sequence. My aim was to to disrupt the impression of time and space. This draws the audiences' attention to the process of cutting and disturbs the illusion of 'reality'. An example is the use of flash backs. My intended message was to make sure the audience are happy and don't think about time but enjoy. The whole point of a non-continuity sequence was to draw the audiences' attention to the process of cutting and disturbs the illusion of 'reality'. I wanted to achieve a good promotional 30 second video of my product. I did achieve this in the end but however , I made a mistake of not getting more clips and did not make sure all my clips weren't blurry. So, when it is shown in my promotion advert it looks a bit ruth so next time I will make sure all my clips are clear and make sure to check twice.
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Horror Trailer
LMC
Evaluation
shooting script
Video log
Narrative Breakdown
Story board
